Waterproofing [UNIPOL]

During building and repair of civil and industrial objects, during waterproofing of foundations the need for averting or reduction in the penetration of moisture beside the concrete surfaces appears.

One of the methods of the protection of concrete surface from the action of moisture - application of moisture-proof materials.

This form of waterproofing as the paste “OF [UNIPOL]”, is the single-component composition, which can be brought both beside the manual (by brush, by roller, by the method of pouring in) and by the mechanical method (airless dispersion). After consolidation the coating looks like monolithic black coating. Paste [UNIPOL]® “waterproofing” is material on the basis of styrene-butadiene thermoplastics and possesses the following properties:

• hydrophobicity (incapacity to be wet by water);
• waterproofness;
• resistance to cracks;
• elasticity;
• frost resistance;
• resistance to UV radiation;
• technological effectiveness.

Processed by waterproofing concrete base acquires high hydrophobic properties, rises waterproofness and is reduced water absorption of the protected material, constructions, which have contact with the water.

The system of coating “[UNIPOL]- waterproofing” possesses high performance properties and can be [rekomendovana] for the anticorrosive protection of concrete and ferroconcrete constructions before the practice of civil and industrial construction in accordance with SNIP (Construction norms and regulations) 2.03.11-85, [MGSN] 2.08-01, [MGSN] 2.09-03, for waterproofing of buildings, underground structures, and also with the device of roofings.

Paste [UNIPOL]® “waterproofing” has a good cohesion with many bases, for example, with the concrete, plastering, brickwork, polyurethane foam and by others.

See the technical description
See instruction beyond the application

QUESTION: To what extent is important waterproofing the constructions of building?

Answer: Masonry possesses the ability to absorb and to pass water. Therefore the fundamental and wall constructions, which are touched for the sake of ground, must be protected based on the water saturation. Otherwise water can penetrate through the laying before the basements and, being extended above, reach the first and even the second floor, causing dampness before the accomodations.

In order to protect foundations, walls and other constructions from the penetration of moisture, waterproofing is arranged, tincturing (coloring waterproofing) or pasting over (backing waterproofing) their surfaces by insulation. As the obstacle from the dampness are used also asphalt or cement (with the special cements) plasterings.

Answer: It is necessary to carry out the following works:

• cutting assembly loops and other adaptations;
• cleaning and rounding of angles with a radius are less than 10 mm;
• cutting or the filling for the sake of solution, washing, the dust removal of seams and unevennesses for the sake of the required drying;
• the device of temperature-shrinkage seams;
• plastering the sections of vertical surfaces down the height of the contiguity of moisture-proof carpet;
• the installation of the necessary mortgage elements.

Answer: For the protection of the walls of basements and building from the ground moisture, which penetrates based on the side of foundation level.

In its [bespodvalnykh] buildings they make before the socle part (on 20 cm higher than the level of blind area). If there is an incline along the wall of building, then waterproofing is carried out by ledges so that the layers of isolation they overlapped each other down the length, equal down the fourfold distance between them on the height.

In the houses with the basements horizontal isolation is arranged before two levels: the first before the base of the sex of basement, the second before the socle part is higher than the level of blind area or pavement.

Answer: Depending on the degree of the water saturation of ground, level of ground water and other conditions the layer of horizontal isolation perform in the form the tightening devices. Is used cement mortar for the sake of the sealing additives (sodium aluminate and others), the plotted by thickness 20- 25 mm.

There can be the different version: two layers of roofing or Ruberoid, stuck by paste (roofing - tarry, Ruberoid - bituminous).

In certain cases waterproofing make in the form asphalt tightening device for the sake of layer 25 - 30 mm.

Answer: On foundations or walls of basements is applied the layer of tightening device from the asphalt and they continue laying before the usual sequence, plotting the first rows of brick or stone down the preliminarily spread layer of [kladochnogo] solution.

Answer: So is called the continuous water-impermeable layer, formed by the filling of solutions and pastes. Depending on the utilized materials hot or cold cast waterproofing is distinguished. Mastic asphalt or cast asphalt solutions can serve after material for it cold either hot. Most simply cast waterproofing to carry out beyond the horizontal surfaces, and on the vertical it is very labor-consuming and complex.

Answer: Carried out more frequent than others unit type foundations have a mass of the merits, among which the large bearing capacity and the economically advantageous method of piling. But here from the point of view of waterproofing is more preferable foundation monolithic. The absence of butt seams frees based on the need for their [prochekanivaniya], i.e., the filling for the sake of cement mortar. It suffices to produce waterproofing the surfaces:

• coloring of vertical;
• backing of horizontal.

Answer: The heterogeneity of ground, the entering of seasonal moisture, fluctuation of temperature cause the uneven sags of the earth and, as a result, internal stresses before the material of foundation. If we do not create obstacle water, then it will be absorbed beside the times of concrete. With the freezing are formed the microscopic cracks, which open road to the active current of water. Data protection construction from the soil liquid for this very reason is so necessary.

Answer: They clean by steel brushes mica or sandy strewing from Ruberoid and roofing. By brush or by steel raker they bring and level out paste. For the sake of steel knives is cut the roll material into pieces of necessary width and length. Before the conical tanks with the cover they transfer the heated paste from [bitumovarki] to the place of work.

Roll obstacle

Answer: Coloring waterproofing is carried out by paste from bitumens of different stamps and filler (talc, powdered slaked lime, asbestos), and also by materials on the basis of synthetic resins and polymers.

Backing waterproofing is carried out by the roll materials (hydroisol, Ruberoid, Izol, bituminous-rubber waterproofing material and other), which are stuck on the bituminous or other pastes. With the high level of ground water in a number of cases the stuck isolation they protect based on the side of ground by clay lock, by tightening walls from the brick and so forth

Answer: Beyond the prepared surface of laying they first stick the first layer of isolation (roofing or Ruberoid). On it is applied the layer of the heated paste with the thickness not of less than 2 mm and they here stick the second layer. So that the layers better would couple, Ruberoid or from roofing they previously clean shielding mica or sandy strewing. They measure the prepared material on the width of wall and roll up beside the cylinders, which with the device of isolation roll out by means of the surface coated by paste. The second layer of isolation they cover from above 2- mm for the sake of the layer of hot paste.

Roll materials can be stuck also on the cold pastes, in this case the thickness of the layer of paste must be 1 mm. during the application of cold pastes on the rapidly evaporating solvents each subsequent layer of carpet it is permitted to stick not earlier than after 12 hours.

Answer: Most customary to the rumor of name - Ruberoid, roofing, pergamyn - materials hydrolabile and [negnilostoykie], and, correspondingly, short-lived. The representatives of the new generation of the roll waterproofing gradually substitute them: [izoelast], isolayer, [mostoplast] (plant “Isoflex”, [OOO] “OF [KIRISHINEFTEORGSINTEZ]”), [ekofleks], it [bikroplast], it [tekhnoelast] (plant “[TEKHNOFLEKS]” of company “[TEKHNONIKOL]”). As the basis before these coatings synthetic materials are used (poly-ester, glass-fiber-reinforced canvas-like fabric, fiberglass fabric). With the production of data of materials bitumen is modified by polymers [SBS] (styrenebutadienestyrene) and APP (atactic polypropylene), which considerably increases its elasticity and thermal stability.

Imported roll materials (from the firms ICOPAL, INDEX, FIRESTONE) are characterized by high and stable quality, but they cost 4-5 times of more expensive than Russian.

Answer: Before the gluing from base they clean dust and garbage, then they dry, because down the dusty and moist surfaces paste cannot be brought. If we ignore this condition, then isolation will be scaled.

The surface of the isolated constructions must be flat, dry, without the cavities and the mounds. Before the gluing of its carpet first they [ogruntovyvayut] by paste, then they paste over by the consecutively two layers of isolation. Each layer of vertical isolation they connect with the horizontal isolation overlapping not less than on 150 mm. the site of joint it will otherwise penetrate water. The joints of the layers of isolation also make overlapping on 150 - 100 mm.

Answer: Down the horizontal and inclines (to 25 degrees) the carpet sticks with the observance of the following requirements.

After drying of priming they roll out cylinder and glue one end of the width, fixing the necessary direction of carpet. Then they roll up coating, the surface layer of paste is applied down isolated and on it again rolls out the cylinder, sticking beyond the base.

In each subsequent layer of width overlaps the previous layer not less than on 100 mm before the longitudinal joints and not less than on 150 mm before the transverse. The arrangement of one seam above others in the adjacent layers of isolation and gluing roll materials before the mutually perpendicular direction are not allowed. Beyond the horizontal surfaces the stuck materials roll up by rollers with mass 70- of 80 kgf with the soft facing.

Answer: Beyond the vertical and inclined (more than 25 degrees) surfaces cylinders stick by the sections - checking devices with a height of 1,2-1,5 m before the direction from bottom to top. Preliminarily cylinders cut out down the widths taking into account overlap.

With the gluing the cylinders grind to the base and to the previously stuck layers by wooden spatulas with the elongated knob. The seams of overlap additionally grease by the paste, pulled with fitting-in and rolling of material. They cover the external surface of the last layer of insulation for the sake of the continuous layer of paste and they strew by hot dry sand.

Answer: Builder- practitioners note that the roll waterproofing is reliable and long-lived, but it is capricious in execution. It requires the thoroughly prepared surface - are not admitted the unevennesses of more than 2 mm. necessary to strictly observe the technology: dry basis, priming for the sake of bitumen emulsion, extremely accurate gluing or the fusion of material. In the case of applying this waterproofing outside (with water head) it is necessary to protect it (for example, with the aid of the screens, panels or geo-textile) from the possible mechanical damages.

Mastic barrier

Answer: From isolated surface they clean garbage, mud, dust, they equalize and dry.

Coloring isolation is usually carried out by bitumastic. It is brought by brush down the dried and [ogruntovannye] surfaces, using methods of painter works. The if necessary isolated surfaces are preliminarily equalized by solution (for example, rubble walls).

Paste is brought down by surface layers beside 2-3 methods so that there would be no uncolored places. The thickness of each layer - 2 mm. to apply each subsequent layer is permitted only after previous it [ostynet] will be checked its quality.

Answer: [Ogruntovku] of tightening devices of the cement mortar is carried out not later than 4 hours after their piling, using primings on the slowly evaporating solvents. Priming must have durable cohesion with the base, on the applied to it tampon there must not remain the tracks of that binding.

On the moist bases it is allowed to bring primings or insulating compositions only beyond the water base, if the moisture, which protrudes beyond the surface of base, does not disrupt the integrity of the film of coating.

Before gluing of roll materials on bitumastics down the protected surface the primings must be substituted on the basis of bitumen, on the synthetic glues - primings of the same glues. The drying of the first layer of priming on the basis of bitumen is produced to the tackiness, the second - for 1-2 hours. The drying of the first layer of primings from the synthetic glue is achieved during 40- 60 minutes, the second - to the tackiness.

Answer: It must be continuous, without the shells, cracks, inflations and the delays (these defects appear, if paste is substituted down the unpurified or damp surfaces). They clear defective places, dry and cover for the sake of paste anew.

They fill up coloring waterproofing only by soft ground.

Answer: With the large volume of works the molten paste they will give to the place of work before the asphalt auto spreader and bring with the aid of the fishing rod with the sprayer, joined down the pump of asphalt auto spreader by flexible metal tube with the diameter of 25 mm. this it accelerates production process, improves quality, and the losses of bitumen also are reduced.

Hoses and pipes for the power feed of pastes must be warmed or protected based on the cooling. Hoses for supplying the diluted compositions must be gasoline-resistant.

Answer: For example, recommended well itself the bituminous- latex emulsion paste “OF [BLEM]-20”, which is let out privately held company “RYAZANSK PASTEBOARD -[RUBEROIDNYy] PLANT”. The analogous materials of foreign production cost approximately 3-4 times of more expensive than the Russian production.

Answer: From the materials of this number it is possible to name Covercol AB Of rapid from INDEX (it has an adhesion of more than 40 [kg]/[sm]2 and the waterproofness Of w22), Thoroseal of firm THORO, Barralastik of the production HEIDELBERGER ZEMENT. Waterproofing of Osmolastic (INDEX) and Aquafin-2K (SCHOMBURG) maintains crack opening before the base to 2 mm. these high-quality materials they have a waterproofness not lower than W10, i.e., they are resistive water head under the pressure to 10 atm. Certainly, before ground there are no similar jets. But the pressure of the solutions of salts, which penetrate inside the foundation (osmotic pressure), can reach the comparable level.

They are analogous before the quality and some domestic materials - this “[Lakhta] “coating” ([OOO] “OF HYDRO-CRUSTS”), coating a series “hydro-tack” (NIIZhB (Scientific Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete)), “hermetically sealed-india-rubber” (publicly held company [OZSS]). Probably, here should be carried mixtures on the basis of cements of a series “Hydro-- S”. True, the thickness of the layer of this material must reach 30-50 mm.

Coloring waterproofing adapts, as a rule, for the surface protection from the capillary moisture (inside the house) and the ground water (outside) with draining ground and pressure to 0.2 atm.

Answer: Bitumen and [bitumosoderzhashchie] materials are most common, known, customary, inexpensive, simple before the application. But it is necessary to keep in mind an essential deficiency in these materials: the period of their service is limited as far as 5-6 for years. Bitumen loses elasticity and it becomes brittle already at a temperature of 0 degrees, and deformations appearing in this case inevitably lead down the appearance of cracks.

Moreover to work with hot bitumen (temperature of warming-up during the putting not less than 120°!!) it is extremely dangerous.

Transitoriness of [neftebitumnykh] materials led down the appearance of serious competitors - synthetic resins (polymers) and materials on their basis. Are produced also the bituminous- rubber and bituminous- polymeric pastes of cold application on the organic solvent.

Answer: This is better to charge to specialists. Because the technology of the production of paste although is simple, it requires the specific habits.

Use the [asfaltovarochnye] boilers, before which bitumen they melt and dehydrate, maintaining it at a temperature of 100° (presence of water is determined on the presence of foam beyond the surface of the heated paste). Then they increase the temperature before the boiler to 180° and is added before it during the continuous mixing the dry filler, preliminarily passed through the sieve with the cells of 4X4 mm and heated to 110°.

Simultaneously with the filler is introduced antiseptic (fluosilicate or fluoric sodium) before a quantity 3- 5% of the mass of bituminous of that binding. The disinfecting additives increase resistance to rotting of roll materials with the organic pasteboard basis.

If with the load of filler the intensive frothing of paste begins, then it is necessary to stop process to lowering in the level of fluidized bed, i.e. excess moisture thus far will not be removed. After the load of the last portion of filler they cook paste around obtaining of uniform mass and complete settling of foam.

Tarry pastes are prepared by mixing before the hot state of coal tar with the filler.

The temperature of pastes during the putting must be in the limits of 160°.

Answer: In order to avoid accidents with the work with hot bitumastic, it is necessary to strictly observe a number of requirements [TB].

Boilers for the melting of bitumen are established on the equalized free areas. So that liquid bitumen would not fall beside the fire (in the case of fire preheating), boiler is established with the small incline before the side, opposite down furnace. The sand table and fire extinguisher must be located in boiler.

With the melting of bitumastics should be strictly observed the rules of mixing bitumens of different stamps. Thus, during the melting of bitumen of low stamp only after the curtailment of the formation of foam it is permitted to add bitumen of higher stamps. Before the melt it is not possible to add bitumen of lower stamps, since this can lead down the large foaming and contents of boiler will splash out.

The pieces of bitumen descend on the board of digester in order to avoid sputtering the boiling mass.

It is not possible to load boiler by bitumen more than down 2/3 its volume. So that the hot pastes would not spill with the carrying-over, they compulsorily cap conical tanks and fill only down 3/4 volumes.

Descent and lift of tanks with the hot pastes must be mechanized.

For the work with the hot pastes the workers must put on glasses, leather boots, tarpaulin suits and glove.

Cement will connect the moisture

Answer: Nevertheless, the coloring waterproofing includes the cement- polymeric pastes, which consist besides the dry mixture of cement for the sake of the mineral filler. Mixture closes by water, special connecting emulsion or aqueous dispersion of polymers (acrylic, silicone or vinyl). Because of cement component these coatings they possess grow prettier by adhesion to the base. The plasticizing additives help material to successfully work not only beyond the rigid surfaces, but also in the places, which are undergone deformations and vibrations. The water-shielding binders penetrate the times of base and airtightly stop up them. The thickness of the layer of such coatings is small - 1-3 mm.

By the way, plastering, during the appropriate selection of components, was always very effective hydro-insulator.

Answer: Its application makes it possible to attain complete waterproofness, to increase the period of the operation of structures, to increase their cold- and corrosion resistance. For this waterproofing is used cement-sand solution (composition 1:2 or 1: 3). They bring by its mechanized (gunite) or manual method. Gunite bring by cement- gun down the moistened rough concrete surface beside 2-3 layers by the overall thickness not of less than 25 mm. for the moisture-proof layer it traditionally adapted the watertight nonshrinking cement (ВБЦ) or portland cement with the sealing additives (aluminate and sodium nitrate, the higher hydroxide of iron and others). Now technologies were supplemented by an entire series of the new materials, which give high result.

By hand cement isolation is brought with the relatively small (to 100 m?) the volumes of works, as a rule, with the nonramming waters.

The surface of this waterproofing before the fresh state is recommended to rub over for the sake of cement (“to [zheleznit]”).

Answer: Each subsequent layer must be superimposed beyond the hardened surface not later, than the twenty-four hours after putting of the previous layer during the application of portland cement and not later, than after 30 minutes during the application OF [VBTS]. Before putting of the subsequent layer they blow out each hardened previous layer of isolation by the compressed air and wet by water. In the case of interruption before the work - they clean by blaster or steel brush with the subsequent blowing by the compressed air and by moistening for the sake of water.

Used during the plaster waterproofing wire mesh and steel framework must be purified of rust and covered for the sake of anticorrosive composition.

Answer: Moisture-proof layer at the point of the period of hardening must be protected from the mechanical damages, the shake-ups, drying and freezings during 7 days during the application of portland cement and 6 hours during the application OF [VBTS]. Cement isolation at the point of entire period of hardening is supported before the moist state, periodically wetting by its dispersed jet of water without the pressure.

Answer: Culprit can be the condensate, which falls out on “cold” wall from the humid air. Therefore the walls of basement from without must be warmed, and inside arranged ventilation. It is possible to cover walls for the sake of the special porous “warm” plasterings, which decrease the condensation of vapor beyond the cold surface. Them they obtain by addition down the plaster solution of the pore-forming additives (Porovent).

For the heat insulation of foundations rigid plates from the extrusion or foam (porous) polyfoam adapt. The first work at the same time and as the hydro-insulator, and the second, paired with the geo-textile, as the draining device.

Decor with the acceleration

Answer: It is possible to advise single-component polymeric paste hyper-desmo. The application of this coating does not require special equipment, but technical characteristics make it possible to simultaneously solve two problems: moisture-proof and decorative. The carried out tests at the point of hygienic correspondence showed that the paste does not render harmful effect beyond the water, but the variety of color range will solve the problem of exterior view. Material is resistant down the action of the solutions of acids and alkalis, therefore, it can be used as a moisture-proof and protective coating for the reservoirs with industrial water.

Answer: Paste is single-component, it is brought by brush, roller (better velour with the nap 1-2 mm) or by apparatus for the airless dispersion (with the surface area of more than 1000 m?). Because of the high elasticity the paste can be substituted down the base, even having the small cracks (to 1 mm) and defects (unevennesses) of surface.

Surface must be clean, without the construction garbage, dry, freed of dust, without the traces of paint and oils. For its cleaning it is possible to use solvent 646 or acetone. To if necessary even base, is used closegrained (but frost-hardy and moisture-proof) plastering beyond the cement basis. Working base as far as primer is in certain cases necessary.

Paste hyper-desmo is brought not later, than 3 hours after putting of primer.

The expenditure of paste will be 1,3-1,8 kG/m?.

Answer: Paste one should bring the minimum beside 2 contrasting layers. This method of putting guarantees the necessary thickness of moisture-proof coating. New layer must completely cover previous. It is necessary to avoid, as far as possible, the pollution of the first layer. It is not possible to bring paste by the layer of more than 1 mm, this slows down polymerization and reduces the qualitative characteristics of coating. The first layer is polymerized for 6-8 hours after putting. The second layer is applied not earlier than the first layer will be fastened, but not later than after 24 hours. With the use of paste hyper-desmo as the decorative coating it is necessary to bring material beside 3 layers.

For increasing the mechanical strength in the places of contiguity (angles, joints) the paste must be reinforced by the polyester grid (width not of less than 30 cm).

The temperature of air at the moment of putting must be from +5° to +35°. It is necessary to consider that with a temperature decrease the polymerization slows down. In such cases time before putting of the following layer must be increased. At minus temperatures, and also for obtaining the denser and smoother surface one should use an accelerator of polymerization (expenditure - 1 kgf per 25 kgf of paste), after adding it during putting of last layer.

It penetrates even the capillaries

Answer: Coloring waterproofing beyond the cement basis gave birth to the [penetriruyushchie] (from Engl. penetrate - to penetrate) materials. The first compositions of this class developed the firm VANDEX INTERNATIONAL Of ltd. (Switzerland) as early as the 40th years of the 20th century. They are used for decreasing the capillary conductivity of concrete.

The penetrating materials are made from the cement with the additions of chemically active substances and specially ground sand. Additives together with the capillary moisture fall through the open times to the thickness of the underlying cause, where they interact with the components of concrete and the crystals of thread-like form are formed. Times substantially become narrow, water permeability becomes below. In this case the permeability to steam decreases insignificantly and the ability of walls “to breathe” remains. The thickness of the layer of waterproofing varies in the limits from 1 to 3 mm. it is considered what to use these materials is possible both outside and inside the building.

Answer: The penetrating compositions lie down well beyond the fresh concrete. During the repair of old concrete, when external times are greased or oppressed by limestone, it is necessary to thoroughly clean plastering from surface and to degrease, opening access to the capillary system. Moreover scraper or scratch brush for this operation it is insufficient. Here will be required the shot-blast or water-jet apparatus, which works at a pressure not less than 15-20 atm.

Answer: In this case the risk of capillary sucking at a high pressure of rain waters is great. Therefore for the protection of basement should be combined drainage system with the backing waterproofing. They at first pour off foundation level and reinforcement for the walls is embedded. Then concerning the perimeter are carried out drain pipes, they perform the walls of foundation and sex pours.

Coating sex is made by multilayer and compulsorily places for the sandy (but better gravel) preparation. On sandy loam ground underlying cause additionally they conceal by geo-cloth. Down the concrete reinforced tightening device with the thickness of 100-150 mm is plotted the layer of polymeric- bituminous membrane. Its sheets are welded with the aid of the gas burner with the overlap before 100 mm. further they go heat insulation, separating layer and finally concrete tightening device for finishing.

Outside they process foundation by primer from oxidized bitumen and stick the sheets of diaphragm waterproofing (beginning from the drain pipe and to 300-500 mm higher than the ground level). The layer of isolation is shut for the sake of geo-cloth or shielding panels and they make the back filling. Construction cycle lasts not less than 4-5 weeks.

Answer: It is possible to propose the moisture-proof composition of the osmotic action Of [makssil] of super-, which consists besides the mixture of high-quality cements, organic and inorganic additives. In contrast to the analogous materials the composition has the wide spectrum of application. During the putting beyond the base it penetrates the structure through the capillary system and initiates the osmotic process, which leads down the complete crystallization of composition and hermetic sealing of times before the tele- construction. In the course of time entire body of construction becomes watertight, ensuring reliable barrier for the moisture. Coating adapts for the concrete constructions, the brick and masonries, and also beyond the bases from the blocks and the composite panels.

Answer: Even during putting of composition beyond the internal surface of the external walls of underground structures it ensures the 100%- waterproofing of structures, which are constantly found under the high pressure of water. Also it has a number of other merits:

• high longevity;
• resistance to the corrosive action of salt water and of air pollutants;
• structurally indissoluble connections for the sake of the base are formed, since it fills and hermetically seals all times;
• does not render toxic action beyond the drinking water;
• after coating was gripped, above it is possible to apply paint, plastering, ceramic tile;
• it makes possible at the point of surface “to breathe”.

Answer: The surface, down which is brought this coating, must be durable and clean, not to have traces of paint, bloom, scalings, solid lubricant, oil for the lubricant of planking, dust, gypsum plastering and the like the cohesive force of framework with the base, down which is brought the waterproofing, it must be not below 1,5 M[P]a. It is necessary to clean tracks of cement grout and friable massifs (beside depth and on the plane) from surface to “healthy” base. The painted surfaces must be purified of paint as the minimum down 80%.

Cracks embroider by the depth of more than 1,5 cm and are shut by special composition for the closing of seams. All protruding metallic parts are cut against the depth not less than 2 cm. of the place of contiguities “wall - sex” or “wall - ceiling” embroider by the toothing of 2[kh]2 cm (2 cm on width and 2 cm beside the depth), after which all these places must be sealed. Before putting of isolation the base abundantly is moistened. Surface must be “matte” moist, without the surpluses of water (puddles).

Answer: This solution will be most rational.

Prepare only such quantity of priming, which you want to use during 3 min. use plastic or rubber capacity, pour how much necessary at the point of priming mixture and slowly add water, until you obtain the consistency of cement mortar. On 1 kgf of mixture go 230 [sm]3 of water. The temperature of air must be +18 to +20°. The process of the hardening of mixture occurs during 3- of 5 minutes depending on the temperature of product, water and atmospheric conditions.

Answer: The process of hardening occurs very rapidly, before the hot weather it should be use cold water in order to extend the time of gripping and to obtain time and possibility to apply material. At a very high temperature of air you hold product before the shadow and add beside the water of glacial.

The process of hardening occurs slowly in the winter. For the preparation of mixture one should use warm and hot water. At a temperature lower than 0° warm up material and use hot water.

Answer: With the aid of the brush apply base coat down the surface and give to it to be gripped during 5-8 min. the thickness of one layer it can vary from 5 to 30 mm. if it is necessary to repair more heavy cut, break work beside the stages, making pauses on 10 15 minutes depending on temperature between putting of each subsequent layer. With the aid of the trowel make incisions beyond the surface in order to ensure higher ply adhesion.

Before the summer time you hold mixture in the cold place. For the batch use fresh clean and cold water. Wet sequential layers. Mix small volumes of material and them here use.

In the winter you hold product before by heat place. For the batch use warm water in order to increase the speed of gripping.

Answer: Concrete must be freed based on all friable sections and mud; on the steel framework there must not be of rust.

For cleaning of the overhauled surfaces subject base down sand blasting. For the removal of rust use wire brushes.

The reinforcing rods, which became visible as a result of surface cleaning from the friable sections, must be purified of rust and processed It [maksrest] liabilities (by shielding anticorrosive composition). After cleaning wash concrete before water. Before putting of priming you will moisten surface.

Cracks must be embroidered beside the depth and the width on 10 mm on both sides. Kray dents and cavities beyond the surface embroider against the depth of approximately 5 mm.

Screens and the membrane

Answer: One additional technology of waterproofing - creation of protective shields. Based on the old times for this purpose is used the condensed clay (layer 40-50 cm) - material widespread and easily accessible.

The so-called bentonitic waterproofing became the natural development of idea. The clay, which possesses the clearly expressed colloidal properties, is capable of playing the role of panel already with the thickness 1-2 cm. the layer of bentonite they conclude between the sheets of cardboard or geo-textile. Pasteboard shell before the process of operation is decomposed before the soil. As a result entire sunk surface of construction occurs the surrounded clay.

Before the source material the bentonite is located in the form granules, after contact with the water it will swell and converts to the state of the gel, which has very low water permeability. Mats or fabrics of material plot down the prepared surface (ground, concrete) overlap. For guaranteeing the additional reliability between those packed the overlap the granules of bentonite fill up by edges, but above in all - the layer of fine-grained ground with the thickness of the condensed layer is not less than 0,3 m.

On the domestic market for these purposes are proposed the insulating mats Of nabento, and also of panel Of bentomat and the mats Of voltex.

Answer: The essence of this protection from the dampness consists before the application of those intensified as far as the special roll material of the thin and elastic systems, capable of bearing large load. The advantage of the membranes over the usual backing or cement waterproofing consists before the possibilities of application due to any conditions, up to the superheavy. Some diaphragm systems maintain dynamic and alternating loads, and also crack opening to 2 mm without the detection of defects in the decoration facial layer.

Answer: Last development in the region of the technology of protective shields - polymeric geos-membrane. Their undoubted merits - longevity, neutrality to the aggressive media, stability to the structural distortion and the motion of ground. Screen consists of fabric with the rounded shafts by size to 8 mm and filtering textile. Textile protects system from the silting with the particles of the soil, and rounded shafts form drain channels, on which the filtered water leaves at the point of the drainage system. This solution prevents the sag of building, ensures a good waterproofing of walls, and it also serves after the protection of the plate of base from the capillary sucking of moisture. Such screens successfully work only before the complex with the drainage system and cease to function, when the level of ground water rises above the level of outlet pipes.

Answer: Let us say immediately: section with similar properties is not the gift of fate. It is not enough that water will begin to actively search for the least chink before the base of house, so even and the deformation of the parts of the foundation will be significant. Therefore to insulate entire foundation it is necessary.

First of all, in the section of building it is necessary to pump out water. Concrete preparation is carried out on the bottom of groove. The planking for the external walls of foundation is mounted on it and moisture-proof material with the reserve 500-700 mm on the perimeter is plotted in order to subsequently bring upward through the wall. From the damages with further works isolation they protect by the layer of concrete with the thickness of 30-40 mm. then are mounted the reinforcement, the planking they pour off the base of foundation, its wall and sex.

Vertical waterproofing is carried out after the dismantling of planking. Reserve 300-500 mm on top leaves in order to make a horizontal cutoff from the walls of house. Below vertical isolation is welded from the horizontal. By insulation in this case can serve elastic polymeric- bituminous membrane after the thickness of 4 mm, intensified as far as polyester fiber. All covered surfaces are finished by primer. The membrane is plotted before 2 layers. They protect horizontal waterproofing on the walls by panels and put some more by ground. Operating cycle lasts not less than 7-8 weeks, if the isolation of news on the unsolidified concrete.

Answer: Output - protection of construction from within. Between the construction of external and internal waterproofing is an essential difference. Water head from without forces coating against the wall, when protection is arranged only by means of the internal surface, then frequently moisture tears off isolation from it. Therefore bitumastics and roll coatings do not adapt for the internal waterproofing. Are here appropriate the materials beyond the cement basis, which possess grow prettier by adhesion to the material of framework. With the internal work also are used the coating, [penetriruyushchie] compositions, stratified drainage with the derivation outside with the aid of the pump and so forth

There is also a unique moisture-proof technology, which was developed before the USSR even based on the 30th years of the 20th century. In this case are used the open-end holes before the base and the foundation, that make it possible to pump into the solution of cement or liquid glass for the sake of the hardener of from within building outside, beside the region between foundation and ground. So is formed the watertight “sarcophagus”, and external waterproofing is restored without conducting of earthwork. Before the construction literature these works call “waterproofing [inetsirovaniem] “.

Answer: Besides the already named solutions of cement and liquid glass, also are used epoxy, polyurethane and acrylate resins.

Material they prepared [L].[RUDNITSKIY], [A].[SAKHIBZADINOV]

Source: “The newspaper of Struik” of №1 (2005) the heading