During building and repair of civil and industrial objects the need for averting or reduction in the penetration of moisture beside the concrete surfaces appears.

One of the methods of the protection of concrete surface from the action of moisture - application of moisture-proof materials.

This form of waterproofing as the paste “OF [UNIPOL]”, is the single-component composition, which can be brought both beside the manual (by brush, by roller, by the method of pouring in) and by the mechanical method (airless dispersion). After consolidation the coating looks like monolithic black coating. Paste [UNIPOL]® “waterproofing” is material on the basis of styrene-butadiene thermoplastics and possesses the following properties:

• hydrophobicity (incapacity to be wet by water);
• waterproofness;
• resistance to cracks;
• elasticity;
• frost resistance;
• resistance to UV radiation;
• technological effectiveness.

Processed by waterproofing concrete base acquires high hydrophobic properties, rises waterproofness and is reduced water absorption of the protected material, constructions, which have contact with the water.

The system of coating “[UNIPOL]- waterproofing” possesses high performance properties and can be [rekomendovana] for the anticorrosive protection of concrete and ferroconcrete constructions before the practice of civil and industrial construction in accordance with SNIP (Construction norms and regulations) 2.03.11-85, [MGSN] 2.08-01, [MGSN] 2.09-03, for waterproofing of buildings, underground structures, and also with the device of roofings.

Paste [UNIPOL]® “waterproofing” has a good cohesion with many bases, for example, with the concrete, plastering, brickwork, polyurethane foam and by others.

Waterproofing [UNIPOL] is past testing before
Scientific research, drawing and designing and technological institute of concrete and reinforced concrete “of NIIZhB (Scientific Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete)”
Conclusion about the results of the tests of [Unipol]- waterproofing as the protective coating on the concrete about the basic qualitative indeves

Technical description
Instruction beyond the application

So that ground moisture would not penetrate the walls of house, waterproofing is arranged. Before the rock and brick foundations waterproofing place usually against height 15… 25 cm from the ground level. If hems place down the beams, then waterproofing must be on 5… 15 cm lower than them.

Waterproofing foundation can be conducted by the following methods:

• They place the layer of cement mortar (2… 3 cm) of composition 1:2, equalize, they [zheleznyat], they dry. They spread one layer of Ruberoid.
• Place 2… 3 layers of paste (1 part of the heated pine tar + 0,3… 0,5 parts of the [proseyannoy] lime- slaked lime). Hot paste is brought by layers (overall thickness 7… 10 mm).
• On the hot pine tar they stick white part of birch bark beside 2… 3 layers.
• Lay the dry 2 layers of Ruberoid with the overlap not less than 150 mm.
• The top of foundation they cover for the sake of bitumastic and stick beyond it the first layer of Ruberoid, which they again cover for the sake of paste, and they stick the second layer.
• The lower layer of coronas must be impregnated for the sake of antiseptics (desirably more than entire felling). Empty space can be filled up by keramzit, but necessary to remember which keramzit will “work” with the layer from 400 mm.

In the house, which has basement, they place waterproofing against two levels:

• before the foundation against the level of the floor of basement or it is lower than it by 13 cm;
• before the base on the 15:25 cm higher than surface of blind area.

The surfaces of the walls of basement and its sex insulate in this case thus. If the level of ground water lower than sex of basement, then based on the outer sides of wall, which are touched for the sake of ground, they cover for the sake of two layers of hot bitumen. Down the sex they place the layer of the loam (25 cm), they [uplotnyayut], they cover for the sake of the layer of concrete (5 cm), they equalize, maintain during 1… 2 weeks, they cover for the sake of paste and stick two-layered roll carpet from Ruberoid. They on top place the same layer of concrete, which they equalize, cover for the sake of cement mortar and they [zheleznyat].

When the level of ground water is higher than the level of the floor of basement, then it is necessary to create a good isolation of walls and floor. Furthermore, around the walls in the places of the contiguity of the sex of basement should be made elastic it soaked from the oakum, moistened before molten bitumastic. This lock before the basements with the clay soil, where uneven sagging is observed is especially necessary.

The isolation of walls based on the outer side raises higher than the level of ground water by 50 cm.

With the high level of ground water underground they insulate first by the layer of clay (25 cm), down it they place concrete, down the concrete - waterproofing and cover for the sake of cement mortar.

For illuminating the basements frequently lower than the ground level are arranged the windows. Before such windows it is necessary to have well- pits with the walls coated by stone, brick, concrete. Paul pit it must have a chute for the collection of water; on top above the windows one should arrange visors.

The top of foundations and bases is not always flat and smooth. For the levelling off across the lateral sides on 1… 3 cm their higher than surface are fastened the boards with the flat edges. Space before the planking pours for the sake of cement mortar of composition of 1/3 or 1/4, equalize, smooth out, they dry and then waterproofing is plotted.

Water erodes not only base, but also it ruinously influences the construction of foundation itself. For the protection of the latter from the action of the surface water, which are appeared with the precipitation, the melting of snow, on the perimeter of building is arranged the blind area by the width 700 - 800 mm (on 200 mm wider than the overhang of roof) with the incline down the side from the house. It must have a preparation (with thickness not of less than 0.15 m) from condensed local ground or clay with the subsequent filling in by crushed stone, the gravel either the crushed brick, which is on top covered for the sake of the layer of asphalt or cement mortar or by sidewalk tile. Directly under the edge of blind area should be arranged the drainage, which not only will lead surface water, but also will lower load during waterproofing of the underground part of the foundation.

For the protection from the capillary moisture in the place of the contact of brickwork with the concrete throughout entire section of external and internal walls moisture-proof layer from the roll materials lays (for example, of two layers of hydro-glass-Izol on bitumastic). If foundation is arranged from the composite elements, and house has a basement, then this layer must be laid against the level of the floor of basement.

With dry ground the vertical waterproofing of the external surface of foundation is limited down coating bitumen two times.

If the level of ground water exceeds the depth of the laying of foundation, then it is necessary to use backing waterproofing from the roll materials. Before a number the case one should pour under the foundation layer from the crushed stone, impregnated for the sake of bitumen. With the high level and the large pressure of ground water the drainage, which will reliably protect foundation from the action of moisture, is arranged.

The it should be noted that described above approach to the device of waterproofing is traditional and before by something become obsolete. The technology of the penetrating waterproofing, based beyond the property of composition recently frequently adapts to independently fill all voids, forming before them crystals. But the cost of this waterproofing is sufficiently high.

With foundation of buildings should be provided for the measures for the protection of bases from the freezing. The depth of freezing influence the climate (temperature, the depth of snow cover), the form of ground and the internal temperature of building.

The [nepromerzayushchimi] forms of bases are cliff, coarse sand, gravel. It is clear that on freezing through ground foundations should be embedded below depths of soil freezing.

Confidence is the error of many individual housebuilders, that the more deeply is laid the foundation, those better, and that this solution already by itself ensures its reliable work and stability. Actually, during the arrangement of foundation level of lower than the level of the freezing of ground the vertical forces of frosty swelling cease to act beyond it from below; however, the tangential forces of the frosty swelling, which act beyond the sides, can also in this case take out foundation together with frozen through ground or detach its upper part besides the lower. Such cases are most probable with foundation from the stone, the brick or the small blocks, especially under the light buildings and the construction.

In order not to allow the deformation of foundations on swelling ground, it is necessary not only to arrange their sole of lower than the level of the freezing of ground and to thus get rid besides the direct pressure of frozen ground from below, but it is necessary to also neutralize the tangential forces of the frosty swelling, which act beyond the sides of foundation. For this purpose inside the foundation down entire its height is embedded the reinforcing cage, which rigidly connects the upper and lower parts of the foundation, and base makes for the sake of that widened, in the form supporting of area- anchor, which does not make it possible to take out foundation besides the earth with the frosty heaving of soil.

This constructive solution guarantees the stable work of foundations with any vertical deformations of ground, however, in practice it possibly only with the use of reinforced concrete. If foundations raise from the stone, the brick or the small blocks without the internal vertical reinforcement, it is necessary their walls to make inclined (constricting upwards). This method of the device of fundamental walls and posts during the thorough levelling off of their surfaces considerably weakens the lateral vertical action of swelling ground beyond the foundation.

They can be the corollary measures, which decrease the influence of the forces of frosty swelling:

coating the sides of foundation for the sake of the sliding layer (worked out machine oil, polyethylene film);

warming the surface layer of ground around the foundations (slag, keramzit, foam plastic), with which decreases the local depth of the freezing of ground. Last measure it is possible to use, also, for previously the constructed [melkozaglublennykh] foundations, which are needed protection from the frosty swelling.

In the regions with the high arrangement of ground water on the foundations of low buildings the forces of frosty swelling act. Before heavy swelling ground (water-saturated clays, loams, sandy loam, fine and dusty sands) these forces reach 100… 150 kPa (10… 15 [ts]/[m]2) and, acting beyond the foundation from bottom to top, they frequently exceed the loads of the constructions situated above. In this case the seasonal vertical displacements of the surface layer of ground with its freezing on 1… 1,5 m compose 10… 15 cm. the skewed porches, terrace, verandah, and sometimes also the wall of houses - before the overwhelming majority of the cases the result of acting precisely the forces of the frosty heaving of soil.

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